Fluid Management: Second Expanded (Corrected) Edition

This lack of interest in the composition of intravenous fluids among the medical profession has for decades been causing substantial problems in fluid management resulting from clinicians' failure to differentiate between the concepts of volume replacement and fluid replacement: "Fluid is poured into the interstitial space on clinical information gained from changes in the intravascular space, such as blood pressures, pulse rate, peripheral temperature, urine output, etc. The end point ... peripheral or pulmonary oedema" [Twigley 1985].