1921: Squadrismo E Violenza Politica in Toscana

In Italy, Fascism became hegemonic with exhaustion of political and social struggles following World War I. In Tuscany, fascists began to take control as early as 1920 and 1921, which shows how the new order had already taken the field and power well before the March on Rome in 1922. Hence the "events," "battles," and "massacres" of early 1921 that were particularly violent in Tuscany and determined the subsequent political and social history of the territory. The proceedings of the 2021 conference, published here, historiographically redefine the opposing narratives of that period.